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Name : Mori Utsavi bharatbhai
Roll no : 33
Enrollment no : 2069108420180037
M.A. Sem - 3
Year : - 2017 - 2019
Email- id - utsavibarajput18@gmail.com
Paper no
: 9 (The modern Literature )
Submitted to : Department of English
Bhavnagar
Topic : Archetypal reading of the wasteland.
Introduction
of The Waste Land:-
The
waste land is a masterpiece long poem by T. S. Eliot. It was widely regarded as
“One of the most important poems of the 20th century” and a central text in
modernist poetry. Published in 1922, the 434 line. Poem first appeared in the
United Kingdom in the October issue of the creation and the United states in
the November issue of the dial. It was published in book form in December 1922.
Among its famous phrases are:
“April is the cruelest month,”
“I
will show you fear in handful of dust,”
and the
mantra in the Sanskrit language “Shantih shantih shantih”.
The poem’s structure is dividing into five
sections:-
1) The
burial of the Death.
2) A game
of chess.
3) The fire
sermon.
4) Death by
Water.
5) What the
Thunder said.
What is Archetypal criticism:-
Archetypal
criticism argues that archetypes determine the form and function of literary
works that a text's meaning is shaped by cultural and psychological myths.
Archetypes are the unknowable basic forms personified or concretized in
recurring images, symbols, or patterns which may include motifs such as the
quest or the heavenly ascent, recognizable character types such as the
trickster or the hero, symbols such as the apple or snake, or images such as
crucifixion (as in King Kong, or Bride of Frankenstein)--all laden with meaning
already when employed in a particular work.
Archetypal criticism
gets its impetus from psychologist Carl Jung, who postulated that humankind has
a "collective unconscious," a kind of universal psyche, which is
manifested in dreams and myths and which harbors themes and images that we all
inherit. Literature, therefore, imitates not the world but rather the
"total dream of humankind." Jung called mythology "the textbook
of the archetypes" (qtd. in Walker 17).
Archetypal
critics find New Criticism too atomistic in ignoring intertextual elements and
in approaching the text as if it existed in a vacuum. After all, we recognize
story patterns and symbolic associations at least from other texts we have
read, if not innately; we know how to form assumptions and expectations from
encounters with black hats, springtime settings, evil stepmothers, and so
forth. So surely meaning cannot exist solely on the page of a work, nor can
that work be treated as an independent entity.
Archetypal
images and story patterns encourage readers (and viewers of films and
advertisements) to participate ritualistically in basic beliefs, fears, and
anxieties of their age. These archetypal features not only constitute the
intelligibility of the text but also tap into a level of desires and anxieties
of humankind.
Whereas
Freudian, Lacanian, and other schools of psychological criticism operate within
a linguistic paradigm regarding the unconscious, the Jungian approach to myth
emphasizes the notion of image.
Archetypes fall into the two categories:
1)characters,
2)situations/symbols.
Characters examples:-
1)The hero
: Hero/Heroine A character that exists to battle against a villain on the side
of good and on the behalf of society. Traditionally the protagonist of a story
He is the champion, king, leader or savior of many
2) The
outcast : A character that is not accepted by a group or society because of
physical or personal differences. Destined to become a wanderer; Moves from
place to place Outcast – banished from social group for some crime against
fellow people
3) The star
: crossed lovers- this is the young couple joined by love but unexpectedly
parted by fate.
Situation/ symbol examples:-
What is a Situational
Archetype? A given experience that a hero or character must endure to move from
one place in life to the next Actions and events that add to the plot A common
event seen throughout stories in many different genres
6 Situational Archetypes Situational Archetypes
include the following: The Quest The Task The Initiation The Journey The Fall
Death and Rebirth Nature vs. Mechanistic World Good vs. Evil The Unhealable
Wound The Ritual Quest for the Holy Grail, The Lion King Arthur pulls the sword
from the stone Huckleberry Finn The Fellowship of the Ring, the Odyssey Adam
and Eve Spring time is associated with new life & hope for the future Brave
New World, Walden Sauron vs. Middleearth, any western Lancelot’s madness
Weddings, coronations
7 Symbolic Archetypes Serve as a representation
of a specific person, act, deed, place or conflict. They are easily recognizable
but not as common as situational archetypes. The Archetypes Include: Light vs.
Darkness Water vs. Desert Heaven vs. Hell The Magic Weapon Innate Wisdom vs.
Educated Stupidity Haven vs. Wilderness Supernatural Intervention Fire vs. Ice
.
Archetypal
symbol very more than archetype narrative or character types, but any symbol
with deep roots in a culture’s mythology, such as the forbidden fruit in
genesis as even the poison apple in snow white is an example of symbol that
resonates to archetypal criticism.
1). The
Task:- a situation in which a character,
or group of characters, is driven to complete duty of monstrous proposition.
2).Water:-
water is symbol of life, cleansing, and rebirth. It is a strong life force and
is often depicted as a living reasoning force.
Water- birth- death- resurrection
creation; purification and redemption; fertility and growth
3) Sea/ ocean:- the mother of all life;
spiritual mystery; death and/ or rebirth; timelessness and entirely.
4) Rivers:
- death and rebirth; the flowing of time into eternity; transitional phases of
the life cache…
Example- Death by Water, polluted river in
Waste land.
5)Sun:-
fire and sky closely related creative energy; thinking, enlightenment, wisdom,
spiritual vision.
Rising sun-
birth, creation, enlightenment
Setting
sun- death
Archetypal
reading of The Waste Land:-
At first glance, The Waste
Land appears fragmentary even incoherent. The themes of the cruelty of physical
existence and the poem’s difficult first part
1) “The Burial
of the Death,”
Give way to the simpler but
no less horrify portrayal of upper and lower class life in.
Waste land
Archetype:-
Gray, brown, black,
Either way too much water or way too little. Marked by antagonism, hatred, war,
Nature is destructive loss of innocence; scarcity of food, shelter love despite
constant toil. Our hero quest ultimately focuses on reaching his garden
setting, whatever that can be a physical or symbolic setting. We’re all trying
to move toward our own personal garden setting. Ironically, sometimes in our
efforts to create our garden we’re actually creating a Waste land.
- Environmentally
Emotionally
Spiritually
Physically
Archetypal
themes:-
Hero – good overcoming evil
Obstacle- struggle with self, struggle
with nature
Quest – death and rebirth
Initiation- coming of age, loss of
innocence
Outcast- alienation, isolation of
archetypal
“The Burial of the Dead”:-
Title
refers to the burial service in the Church of England & dead fertility gods
mentioned in Frazer's book The Golden Bow The theme of this section is that
life is contemporary world is a life in death It tells us that man has lost
faith n spiritual values & love has degenerated into lustTIRESIAS, The
protagonist of the poem represents modern man & remembers his chat with an
inhabitant of modern waste land who is Marie the German Princess. She has
entirely forgotten religious & moral values. She lives purely on physical
plane as modern people do.Tiresias then surveys the condition of modern
civilization & finds it barren & dead The poet then introduces us with
two episodes of guilty love One of them is Tristan& other is German Princess
The both love is guilty & brings a sense of boredom & futility the
episodes reveal that there is perversion of love & sex in the modern waste
landmetropolitan city like London or Paris & introduced to Madam Sosostris
with wicked pack of wicked cards . She is a fortune-teller & fears of
arrested by Police The cards bears Various personages like blank card stands
for loss of religion & picture of people 'walking in ring' stands for crowd
in Londonsurveys the unreal city, London & the crowd moving over London
bridge are spiritually dead citizens of waste land going on their dull
routines.
Life in death and Death in life:-
Life-death-Rebirth:-
Recurrent pattern runs through
all Archetypal reading / myth: winter (death), April showers (re -birth). Fertility
myth; of fertility god orisis the effigy stuck with grains buried in water-
sprouting of grains signify rebirth.
Christianity- crucify (death) of Christian and resurrection (re-birth) to
redeem humanity from sin.
“Of hardly less Important of readers,
however, is knowledge of Eliot’s basic method. The waste land is built on a
major contact a device which is a favorite of Eliot’s and to be found in many
of his poems. The contract is between two kinds of life and two kinds of death.
Life devoid of meaning is death: sacrificial death may be life giving, an
awaking to life. The poem occupies itself to a great extent with this paradox,
variation upon it.
The fact that men have
lost knowledge of good and evil, keeps them from being alive, viewing the
modern Waste land as a realm in which the inhabitants do not even exit.
‘April is the cruelest
month, breeding
Lilacs out of the dead
land, mixing
Memory and desire, stirring
Dull roots with spring
rain
Winter kept us warm,
covering
Earth in forgetful snow,
feeding.
This is
life –in-death; similarly, death-in-life is exemplified as a life of complete
inactivity, listlessness and apathy. That is why winter welcome to them and
April is the cruelest of months, for it reminds them of the stirring of life
and, they dislike to be roused from their death-in-life.
“A Game of Chess”:-
A game of chess is the second part of our
journey with sign part. “The game of chess”, Eliot depicts the lovelessness in
marriage in an age where sex is sterile the title ‘the game of chess’ has been
borrowed from Middleton’s women beware women it uphold the fact that our
indulgence in luxurious and materialistic world is akin to the game of chess,
which can blind us religious and moral obligations.
A suggest that sex has become a Matter of
moves and counter- moves and a source of memory pleasure, a sordid game of
seduction, and exploitation of innocent.
The sex- relation of is meaningless routine,
a mere mechanical relationship bringing them no satisfaction the typist and
clerk e text. Not only has sex been vulgarized and commercialized there also
prevailed abnormal sex-practice of various kinds. All European is burning with
lust and sexuality. Unreal city…Condon Bridge is falling down. A social document
of neurosis Bourdon, ennui, frustration, disillusionment despair and
hopelessness of the modern “Hollow Man” stuffed in mind with straw.
“The Fire Sermon”:-
The title, the longest section of
the waste land, is taken from a sermon given by ‘Buddha’ in which he encourages
his followers to give up earthly passion and seek freedom from earthly things a
turn away from the earthly does indeed take place in this section, as a series
of increasingly debased sexual encounter concludes with a river song and
religious incantation. The section then comes to an abrupt end with a few lines
from St. Augustine’s confession (“burning”).
Tiresias, in Greek mythology, a seer, or
prophet, from tables, said to have been trucked blind by the goddess Athena
because he had seen her bathing. Tiresias assumes many masks and his voice of
inmates of the modern waste land, and at times with ghostly voices from the
past….
The whole poem is Tiresia’s, ‘streams of
consciousness and Tiresias, blind, and important spirituality embittered, old
and important, who is the protagonist of the poem In the waste land, wandering
about in great quest stands for modern man in quest of true spiritual light and
visible moral values.
Oneness of characters and experience: not
only does Tiresias melt into the other character of the poem, but the melting
of the characters into each other is, of course as aspect of the general
process.
“Death by Water”:-
The shortest of the poem “Death by Water”,
describes a man, plebes the Phoenician, who has died, apparently by drawing. In
death he has forgotten his Wordily cases as the characters of the sea have
picked his body apart. The narrator asks his body apart. The narrator asks his
reader to consider phelbas and a recall his or her own morality.
“fear death by water” she says, after pulling
the card of the drowned sailor, Eliot further emphasize phebals deride up
antiquity and irreverence by placing this section in the distant past.
“What the Thunder Said”:-
Here also Eliot implies
path to regenerate the denizens of the Waste land. Eg. What the thunder said:
Datta-give; Dyathawam-sympathies; Damyata-self control.
Eliot bringing together the
wisdom of the east and west and show that spiritual regeneration can come, if
only we heed the voice of the Thunder
DA
Datta:- devote to noble cause
DA
Dayadhvam:- sympathies with the sorrow and
suffering of others
DA
Damyata:- self-control over’s passion and
desires.
Conclusion:-
Eliot’s
allusions to composers writer holy books, and so forth underscore the abiding
presence of this deeper level. More importantly, so, too does the poem’s
underlying plot, drawn from the legends of the fisher king and the Holy Grail.
The presence of this mythic subtext implies both the fallen, confused state of
the modern age and Eliot’s alternative to it.
Northrop
frye, T. S. Eliot New York grove press 1963. An analysis of Eliot‘s work
primarily the critical perspective of myth excellent conclusion on the
archetypal aspect of The Waste Land.
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